“Black infants were at twice the risk of being at a hospital that has risk-adjusted high rates of combined mortality and morbidity,” Janevic noted, while Hispanic infants had a 1.5 increased risk to receive care from one of these hospitals. Of the 39 New York City hospitals included in the study, researchers found a 6-fold difference in risk of combined mortality and morbidity outcomes. Black infants were followed by Hispanic infants, while white and Asian infants had similar low risks. In a population-based retrospective cohort analysis using hospital discharge data linked with vital statistics at birth and death records, researchers determined Black infants were at the highest risk of dying within less than 28 days after discharge, or suffering neonatal morbidities in the time between birth and discharge.
Hispanic and black baby skin#
Presenter Teresa Janevic, PhD, defined race as “linked to phenotype and /or ancestry that indexes one’s location on the US social hierarchy of socially constructed groupings (i.e., races) that has been based primarily on skin color.” In contrast, Janevic defined ethnicity as “tied to race and used both to distinguish diverse populations and to establish personal or group identity, usually based on shared culture or beliefs.” Preterm birth has been associated with several health conditions developing later in life, including diabetes. However, rates of screening vary among women with different racial and ethnic backgrounds, suggesting tailored strategies to reduce risk and improve healthcare behaviors may be effective.Īn additional study explored how racial and ethnic disparities impact severe neonatal morbidities, specifically among very preterm children (born <32 weeks of gestation). Screening for postpartum diabetes is recommended to all women within 4 to 12 weeks postpartum. White women had the lowest rates of the disease overall. A Kaiser Permanente analysis of women in northern California found Black women have a lower prevalence of gestational diabetes when compared with Asian Indian, Filipina, Southeast Asian and Chinese women. One study presented in the session focused on behavioral interventions and protective factors among women with gestational diabetes. Levels of stress, trauma, food insecurity, neighborhood violence, and access to prenatal care are all factors that may contribute to the disparities and warrant further investigation.Īlthough most maternal deaths result from cardiovascular and hypertensive disorders, researchers found Asian/Pacific Island women exhibit the highest prevalence of gestational diabetes, which can increase pregnancy complications, at 14.8%. To better understand and address these disparities, researchers suggest providers increase screening for social determinants of health. One study found Black women experienced SMM at a rate 2.1 times greater than that of white women. Over the past 20 years, cases of SMM have increased by over 200%, while cases disproportionately affect Black women. For every maternal death there are 70 cases of SMM events that are considered “near misses.” These events can have long-term or short-term consequences to a woman’s health. Non-Hispanic Black women are also significantly more likely to have a severe maternal morbidity (SMM) event at the time of delivery. However, for non-Hispanic Black women, leading causes of death include cardiovascular conditions in addition to cardiomyopathy, pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia (hypertensive disorders). However, that number jumps to 43.5/100,000 for non-Hispanic Black women and decreases to 12.7/100,000 for non-Hispanic white women and 11/100,000 for Hispanic women.įor mothers of all backgrounds, leading causes of death include cardiovascular conditions, hemorrhage, and infection. Overall pregnancy related mortality in the United States occurs at an average rate of 17.2 deaths per 100,000 live births.
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While 700 pregnancy-related deaths occur each year, 2/3 of these deaths are considered to be preventable. Pregnancy related mortality can be defined as death of the mother during pregnancy, delivery, or within one year postpartum.
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A session held at the American Diabetes Association’s 80 th Scientific Sessions highlighted striking racial disparities in maternal mortality, morbidity, and infant health.Īmerican women die in childbirth at a higher rate than in any other developed country, while non-Hispanic Black women are more than 3 times more likely to have a maternal death than white women in the United States, according to a review presented at the meeting.